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A composed satellite photograph of inHistory of North America encompasses the past developments of people populating the continent of. While it was widely believed that continent first became a human habitat when people migrated across the 40,000 to 17,000 years ago, recent discoveries may have pushed those estimates back at least another 90,000 years.
Regardless, migrants settled in many locations on the continent, from the of the far north to the and of the south. These isolated communities each developed their own unique ways of life and cultures, and their interaction with one another was limited in comparison to the extensive trade and conflict of civilizations across the Atlantic in Europe and Asia.Records of European travel to North America begin with the in the tenth century A.D. In 985, they founded a settlement on (an often-overlooked part of North America) that persisted until the early 1400s. They also explored the east coast of, but their settlements there were much smaller and shorter-lived. With the and the voyages of (starting 1492), Europeans began to arrive in the Americas in large numbers and to develop colonial ambitions for both North and South America.
Columbus' 'discovery' of America is a contested idea because the Americas were already heavily populated by the indigenous Native American peoples, who had developed distinctive civilizations in their own right. After Columbus, influxes of Europeans soon followed and overwhelmed the native population. North America became a staging ground for ongoing European rivalries. The continent was divided by three prominent European powers:,.
The influences of colonization by these states on North American cultures are still apparent today.Conflict over resources on North America ensued in various wars between these powers, but, gradually, the new European colonies developed desires for independence. Revolutions, such as the and, created new, independent states that came to dominate North America. The formed in 1867, creating the modern political landscape of North America.From the 19th to 21st centuries, North American states have developed increasingly deeper connections with each other.
Softcam keys for satellite receivers. Stretching from Panama to northern Canada, North and Central America is the only continent where you can find every climate type. It is also home to over 500 million people in 24 countries. Use this online map quiz to illustrate these points along with other information from the North and Central American geography unit.
Although some conflicts have occurred, the continent has for the most part enjoyed peace and general cooperation between its states, as well as open commerce and trade between them. Modern developments include the opening of free trade agreements, extensive immigration from Mexico and Latin America, and concerns in these regions.
Map of based on the.The specifics of ' migration to and throughout the Americas, including the exact dates and routes traveled, are subject to ongoing research and discussion. For years, the traditional theory has been that these early migrants moved into the between eastern Siberia and present-day Alaska around 40,000–17,000 years ago, when sea levels were significantly lowered due to the. These people are believed to have followed herds of now-extinct along ice-free corridors that stretched between the and ice sheets. Another route proposed is that, either on foot or using, they migrated down the Pacific coast to South America.
Evidence of the latter would since have been covered by a of hundreds of meters following the last ice age.Archaeologists contend that Paleo-Indian migration out of Beringia , ranges from 40,000 to around 16,500 years ago. This time range is a hot source of debate and promises to continue as such for years to come. The few agreements achieved to date are the origin from, with widespread habitation of the Americas during the end of the, or more specifically what is known as the, around 16,000–13,000 years before present. However, older exist, including migration from Europe., particularly and, are the primary evidence of early human activity in the Americas. Crafted tools are used by and to classify cultural periods.
Scientific evidence links to Asian peoples, specifically eastern. Indigenous peoples of the Americas have been linked to North Asian populations by, the distribution of, and in as reflected by data, such as. 8,000–7,000 BCE (10,000–9,000 years ago) the climate stabilized, leading to a rise in population and advances, resulting in a more.Pre-Columbian era.
See also:, and, the indigenous peoples of North America were divided into many different, from small of a few families to large empires. They lived in numerous, which roughly correspond to.
Societies adapted their subsistence strategies to their homelands, and some societies were, some, some, and many a mix of these. Native groups can also be classified by their (e.g. It is important to note that people with similar languages did not always share the same, nor were they always.The saw a changing environment featuring a warmer more climate and the disappearance of the last megafauna. The majority of population groups at this time were still highly mobile hunter-gatherers; but now individual groups started to focus on resources available to them locally, thus with the passage of time there is a pattern of increasing regional generalization like, the, and traditions.
This regional adaptations became the norm, with reliance less on hunting and gathering among many cultures, with a more mixed economy of small game, fish, seasonally and harvested plant foods. Many groups continued as big game hunters, however their hunting traditions became more varied and meat procurement methods more sophisticated. The placement of artifacts and materials within an Archaic burial site indicated social differentiation based upon status in some groups. The ruins of, MexicoAgriculture was invented independently in two regions of North America: the. The more southern cultural groups of North America were responsible for the of many common now used around the world, such as tomatoes. Perhaps most importantly they domesticated one of the world's major staples, (corn).
During the, and bison-hunting were important to.As a result of the development of agriculture in the south, many important cultural advances were made there. For example, the developed a, built, had a, and developed the concept of 500 years before anyone in the.
The Mayan culture was still present when the arrived in Central America, but political dominance in the area had shifted to the further north.In the Southwest of North America, and societies had been engaged in agricultural production with ditch irrigation and a sedentary village life for at least two millennia before the Spanish arrived in the 1540s. Upon the arrival of the Europeans in the 'New World', native peoples found their culture changed drastically. As such, their affiliation with political and cultural groups changed as well, several linguistic groups went, and others changed quite quickly.
The name and cultures that Europeans recorded for the natives were not necessarily the same as the ones they had used a few generations before, or the ones in use today.Arrival of Europeans Early contact. Main article:There was limited between North American people and the outside world. Several theoretical contacts have been proposed, but the earliest physical evidence comes from the. Founded a colony on in 985 CE. Erik's son is believed to have reached the circa 1000, naming the discovery. The only Norse site outside of Greenland yet discovered in North America is at, Newfoundland and Labrador in Canada.
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All of were eventually abandoned.The Norse voyages did not become common knowledge in the Old World. Even the permanent settlement in Greenland, which persisted until the early 1400s, received little attention and Europeans remained largely ignorant of the existence of the Americas until 1492. As part of a general, Italian sailor proposed a voyage west from Europe to find a shorter route to Asia. He eventually received the backing of and, Queen and King of newly united Spain. In 1492 Columbus reached land in the.Almost 500 years after the Norse, explored the east coast of what would become Canada in 1497. Explored the of North America from Florida to presumably Newfoundland in 1524. Made a series of voyages on behalf of the French crown in 1534 and explored the.Successful colonization.In order to understand what constitutes successful colonization, it is important to understand what colonization means.
Colonization refers to large-scale population movements in which the migrants maintain strong links with their or their ancestors' former country, gaining significant advantages over other inhabitants of the territory by such links. When colonization takes place under the protection of clearly colonial political structures, it may most handily be called settler colonialism. This often involves the settlers' entirely dispossessing earlier inhabitants, or instituting legal and other structures which systematically disadvantage them.Initially, European activity consisted mostly of trade and exploration.
Eventually Europeans began to. The three principal colonial powers in North America were, and, although eventually other powers such as and also received holdings on the continent.Settlement by the Spanish started the. They gained control of most of the largest islands in the and, gaining control of present-day Mexico and Central America. This was the beginning of the in the New World. The first successful Spanish settlement in continental North America was founded by in 1519, followed by many other settlements in colonial, including, and later California. The Spanish claimed all of North and South America (with the exception of Brazil), and no other European power challenged those claims by planting colonies until over a century after Spain's first settlements.The first French settlements were (1604) and (1608) in what is now.
The soon became the primary business on the continent and as a result transformed the ways of life.The first permanent English settlements were at (1607) (along with its satellite, in 1609) and (1620), in what are today and respectively.Further to the south, became the main industry of the, and this gave rise to the beginning of the.Colonial era. Main articles:, andBy the year 1663 the had taken over control of from the fur-trading companies, and the English gave way to more metropolitan control. This ushered in a new era of more formalized colonialism in North America.Rivalry between the European powers created a series of wars on the North American landmass that would have great impact on the development of the colonies. Territory often changed hands multiple times. Peace was not achieved until French forces in North America were vanquished at the at, and France ceded most of her claims outside of the Caribbean.
The end of the French presence in North America was a disaster for most Native nations in Eastern North America, who lost their major ally against the expanding Anglo-American settlement's. During between the year's 1763–1766, a confederation of Great Lakes-area tribes fought a somewhat successful campaign to defend their rights over their lands west of the, which had been 'reserved' for them under the.Viceroyalty of New Spain (present-day Mexico) was the name of the -ruled territories of the in Asia, North America and its peripheries from 1535 to 1821.Revolutions.
Main articles:, andThe coming of the American Revolution had a great impact across the continent. Most importantly it directly led to the creation of the United States of America. However, the associated was an important war that touched all corners of the region.
The flight of the led to the creation of as a separate communityMeanwhile, Spain's hold on Mexico was weakening. Independence was declared in 1810 by, starting the Mexican War of Independence. In 1813, and the signed the, the first legal document where the separation of the New Spain with respect to Spain is proclaimed. Spain finally recognized Mexico's independence in 1821.Expansion era.
Main articles:, andFrom the time of independence of the United States, that country expanded rapidly to the west, in 1803. Between 1810 and 1811 a Native confederacy under Tecumseh to keep the Americans from pushing them out of the Great Lakes. Tecumseh's followers then went north into Canada, where they helped the British to block an American attempt to seize Canada during the. Following the war, British and Irish settlement in Canada increased dramatically.US expansion was complicated by the division between 'free' and 'slave' states, which led to the in 1820.
Likewise, Canada faced a division between and communities that led to the outbreak of. Mexico faced constant political tensions between liberals and conservatives, as well as the rebellion of the English-speaking region of Texas, which declared itself the in 1836.
In 1845 Texas joined the United States, which would later lead to the in 1846 that began. As a result of conflict with Mexico, the United States made further territorial gains in and the Southwest.Conflict, confederation, and invasion. Main articles:, andThe secession of the and the resulting civil war rocked American society. It eventually led to the end of slavery in the United States, the destruction and later of most of the South, and tremendous loss of life. From the conflict, the United States emerged as a powerful industrialized nation.Partly as a response to the threat of American power, four of the Canadian colonies agreed to federate in 1867, creating the of Canada. The new nation was not fully sovereign, but enjoyed considerable independence from Britain.
With the addition of Canada would expand to the Pacific by 1871 and establish a transcontinental railway, the Canadian Pacific, by 1885.In Mexico conflicts like the left the state weak, and open to foreign influence. This led to the to invade Mexico.Late 19th century. Main articles: andAs a part of the Canada immediately was at war in 1914. Canada bore the brunt of several major battles during the early stages of the war including the use of attacks at. Losses became grave, and the government eventually brought in, despite the fact this was against the wishes of the majority of. In the ensuing, riots broke out on the streets of. In neighboring Newfoundland, the new dominion suffered a devastating loss on July 1, 1916, the.The United States stayed apart from the conflict until 1917, joining the Entente powers.
The United States was then able to play a crucial role at the that shaped Europe.Mexico was not part of the war as the country was embroiled in the Mexican Revolution at the time.Interwar years. Main articles:, andOnce again Canada found itself at war before her neighbors, however even Canadian contributions were slight before the Japanese. The entry of the United States into the war helped to tip the balance in favor of the. On August 19, 1942, a force of some 6000, largely Canadian, infantry was landed near the French channel port of. The German defenders under General von Rundstedt destroyed the invaders.
907 Canadians were killed and almost 2,500 captured (many wounded). Lessons learned in this abortive raid were put to good use 2 years later in the successful Normandy invasion.Two Mexican tankers, transporting oil to the United States, were attacked and sunk by the Germans in the waters, in 1942. The incident happened in spite of Mexico's neutrality at that time. This led Mexico to declare war on the Axis nations and enter the conflict.The destruction of Europe wrought by the war vaulted all North American countries to more important roles in world affairs. The United States especially emerged as a 'superpower'.Post-war. Main articles:, andThe early Cold War era saw the United States as the most powerful nation in a Western coalition of which Mexico and Canada were also a part. At home, the United States witnessed convulsive change especially in the area of.
In Canada this was mirrored by the and the emergence of.Mexico experienced an era of huge economic growth after World War II, a heavy industrialization process and a growth of its middle class, a period known in Mexican history as the 'El Milagro Mexicano' (Mexican miracle).The Caribbean saw the beginnings of, while on the largest island the introduced Cold War rivalries into Latin America.In 1959 the non- US territories of and became US states.Vietnam War and stagflation. Main articles:, andDuring this time the United States became involved in the as part of the global Cold War. This war would later prove to be highly divisive in American society, and American troops were withdrawn from Indochina in 1975 with the 's capture of in April 17, the 's of in April 30 and the 's capture of in December 2.Canada during this era was dominated by the leadership of. Eventually in 1982 at the end of his tenure, Canada received a new constitution.Both the United States and Canada experienced, which eventually led to a revival in small-government politics.
The 1980s. Main articles:, andThe End of the Cold War and the beginning of the era of sustained economic expansion coincided during the 1990s. On January 1, 1994 Canada, Mexico and the United States signed the, creating the world's largest free trade area. Quebec held a referendum in 1995 for national sovereignty in which 51% voted no to 49% yes.
In 2000, became the first non- candidate to win the Mexican presidency in over 70 years.The optimism of the 1990s was shattered by the attacks of 2001 on the United States, which in Afghanistan, which Canada also participated in. Canada and Mexico did not support the United States's later move to.In 2006 the drug war in Mexico evolved into an with each year more deadly than the last.Starting in the Winter of 2007, a financial crisis in the United States began which eventually triggered a worldwide recession in the Fall of 2008.In 2009, was inaugurated as the first African American to be President of the United States. Two years later, perpetrator of 9/11, was. In December 18, 2011, the was declared formally over once the troops had. In turn so was the on December 28, 2014 when troops from there as well but some stayed behind for of the conflict.See also.
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